Effective Practices for Cyber Incident Response and Recovery

19 October 2020

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The FSB has developed a toolkit of effective practices that aims to assist organisations in their cyber incident response and recovery activities. In this regard, organisations’ respond function executes the appropriate activities in reaction to a detected or reported cyber incident, while the recover function carries out the appropriate activities to restore any systems, capabilities or resume services or operations that were impaired due to a cyber incident.

The toolkit includes 49 practices for effective cyber incident response and recovery across seven components: (i) governance, (ii) planning and preparation, (iii) analysis, (iv) mitigation, (v) restoration and recovery, (vi) coordination and communication, and (vii) improvement. The final toolkit draws on the feedback from a public consultation process, including four virtual outreach meetings. The report was delivered to G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors for their October meeting.

FSB publishes global transition roadmap for LIBOR

16 October 2020

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Ref no: 40/2020

The Financial Stability Board (FSB) today published a global transition roadmap for LIBOR. The roadmap sets out a timetable of actions for financial and non-financial sector firms to take in order to ensure a smooth LIBOR transition by end-2021.

In July the FSB reaffirmed that financial and non-financial sector firms across all jurisdictions should continue their efforts to make wider use of risk-free rates in order to reduce reliance on IBORs where appropriate and in particular to remove remaining dependencies on LIBOR by the end of 2021.

The LIBOR benchmarks are not guaranteed to continue to be available after end-2021 and therefore preparations should be underway to reduce reliance on these rates well ahead of that point. Use of LIBOR in the five LIBOR currencies (USD, GBP, EUR, JPY and CHF) is widespread internationally. Transition away from LIBOR by end-2021 requires significant commitment and sustained effort from both financial and non-financial institutions across many LIBOR and non-LIBOR jurisdictions.

This Global Transition Roadmap for LIBOR is intended to inform those with exposure to LIBOR benchmarks of some of the steps they should be taking now and over the remaining period to end-2021 to successfully mitigate these risks. These are considered prudent steps to take to ensure an orderly transition by end-2021 and are intended to supplement existing timelines/milestones from industry working groups and regulators. Among the steps in the Roadmap:

  • Firms should have already, identified and assessed all existing LIBOR exposures and agreed on a project plan to transition in advance of end-2021.
  • By the effective date of the ISDA Fallbacks Protocol, the FSB strongly encourages firms to have adhered to the Protocol.
  • By the end of 2020, firms should be in a position to offer non-LIBOR linked loans to their customers.
  • By mid-2021, firms should have established formalised plans to amend legacy contracts where this can be done and have implemented the necessary system and process changes to enable transition to robust alternative rates.
  • By end-2021, firms should be prepared for LIBOR to cease.

Notes to editors

The FSB set out in 2014 a series of recommendations for strengthening key interbank offered rates (IBORs) in the unsecured lending markets, and for promoting the development and adoption of alternative nearly risk-free reference rates, where appropriate. The FSB and member authorities, through the FSB Official Sector Steering Group (OSSG) chaired by Andrew Bailey (Governor, Bank of England) and John C. Williams (President and CEO, Federal Reserve Bank of New York), are working to implement and monitor these recommendations. The FSB published its most recent annual progress report in December 2019 on implementation of the recommendations.

In July 2020, the FSB and Basel Committee on Banking Supervision published a report on supervisory issues associated with benchmark transition, setting out recommendations for authorities to support financial institutions’ and their clients’ progress in transitioning away from LIBOR.

The FSB coordinates at the international level the work of national financial authorities and international standard-setting bodies and develops and promotes the implementation of effective regulatory, supervisory, and other financial sector policies in the interest of financial stability. It brings together national authorities responsible for financial stability in 24 countries and jurisdictions, international financial institutions, sector-specific international groupings of regulators and supervisors, and committees of central bank experts. The FSB also conducts outreach with approximately 70 other jurisdictions through its six Regional Consultative Groups.

The FSB is chaired by Randal K. Quarles, Vice Chairman, US Federal Reserve; its Vice Chair is Klaas Knot, President of De Nederlandsche Bank. The FSB Secretariat is located in Basel, Switzerland, and hosted by the Bank for International Settlements.

Global Transition Roadmap for LIBOR

| PDF full text (180 KB)

This roadmap sets out clear actions for financial firms and their clients to take in order to ensure a smooth LIBOR transition.

Interest rate benchmarks play a key role in global financial markets. In 2014 the FSB made recommendations to reform interbank offered rates (IBORs) in response both to cases of attempted manipulation and to declining liquidity in key interbank unsecured funding markets.

In July the FSB reaffirmed that financial and non-financial sector firms across all jurisdictions should continue their efforts to make wider use of risk-free rates in order to reduce reliance on IBORs where appropriate and in particular to remove remaining dependencies on LIBOR by the end of 2021. Additionally, in July 2020, the FSB and Basel Committee on Banking Supervision published a report on supervisory issues associated with benchmark transition, setting out recommendations for authorities to support financial institutions’ and their clients’ progress in transitioning away from LIBOR. 

The LIBOR benchmarks are not guaranteed to continue to be available after end-2021 and therefore preparations should be underway to reduce reliance on these rates well ahead of that point. Use of LIBOR in the five LIBOR currencies (USD, GBP, EUR, JPY and CHF) is widespread internationally. Transition away from LIBOR by end-2021 requires significant commitment and sustained effort from both financial and non-financial institutions across many LIBOR and non-LIBOR jurisdictions.

This Global Transition Roadmap for LIBOR is intended to inform those with exposure to LIBOR benchmarks of some of the steps they should be taking now and over the remaining period to end-2021 to successfully mitigate these risks. These are considered prudent steps to take to ensure an orderly transition by end-2021 and are intended to supplement existing timelines/milestones from industry working groups and regulators. Among the steps in the Roadmap:

  • Firms should have already, identified and assessed all existing LIBOR exposures and agreed on a project plan to transition in advance of end-2021.
  • By the effective date of the ISDA Fallbacks Protocol, the FSB strongly encourages firms to have adhered to the Protocol.
  • By the end of 2020, firms should be in a position to offer non-LIBOR linked loans to their customers.
  • By mid-2021, firms should have established formalised plans to amend legacy contracts where this can be done and have implemented the necessary system and process changes to enable transition to robust alternative rates.
  • By end-2021, firms should be prepared for LIBOR to cease.

Market Fragmentation: updates on ongoing work

14 October 2020 | PDF full text (233 KB)

This report provides an update on work by the FSB, in collaboration with the international standard setting- bodies, to address market fragmentation. The report was delivered to G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors ahead of their meeting in October.

In June 2019, the FSB identified four areas for further work to address market fragmentation: This latest progress report provides an update on work in these areas:

  • Deference. The International Organization of Securities Commissions published a Report on Good Practices on Processes for Deference in June 2020 that should help authorities to mitigate the risk of unintended, regulatory-driven, fragmentation in wholesale securities and derivatives markets.

  • Pre-positioning of capital and liquidity. FSB members are continuing work related to the distribution of resources within global systemically important banks (G-SIB) having regard to the need to achieve a balance between certainty for host jurisdictions and flexibility to deploy resources where needed within a group in times of stress. The FSB is also working on identifying ways to further promote effective cooperation and coordination in crisis times.

  • Regulatory and supervisory coordination and information sharing. Regulatory and supervisory coordination and information sharing have focused on policy measures taken in response to COVID-19. The FSB has established a repository of regulatory and supervisory policy measures taken in its member jurisdictions in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The FSB is also exploring potential ways to facilitate convergence in reporting of data to authorities.

  • “Too-big-to-fail” (TBTF) evaluation. The FSB has publicly consulted on its evaluation on the effects of TBTF reforms for systemically important banks. The evaluation finds no evidence that the implementation of reforms has reduced cross-border lending.

Looking beyond these specific areas, the policy response to COVID-19 has underlined policymakers’ awareness of harmful effects of market fragmentation. The official sector community has provided a rapid and coordinated response to support the real economy, maintain financial stability and minimise the risk of market fragmentation. 

FSB updates on work to address market fragmentation

Press enquiries:
+41 61 280 8138
[email protected]
Ref no: 39/2020

The Financial Stability Board (FSB) today published an update on work by the FSB, in collaboration with the international standard setting-bodies, to address market fragmentation. The report was delivered to G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors ahead of their meeting today.

In June 2019, the FSB identified four areas for further work to address market fragmentation: This latest progress report provides an update on work in these areas:

  • Deference. The International Organization of Securities Commissions published a Report on Good Practices on Processes for Deference in June 2020 that should help authorities to mitigate the risk of unintended, regulatory-driven, fragmentation in wholesale securities and derivatives markets.

  • Pre-positioning of capital and liquidity. FSB members are continuing work related to the distribution of resources within global systemically important banks (G-SIBs) having regard to the need to achieve a balance between certainty for host jurisdictions and flexibility to deploy resources where needed within a group in times of stress. The FSB is also working on identifying ways to further promote effective cooperation and coordination in crisis times.

  • Regulatory and supervisory coordination and information sharing. Regulatory and supervisory coordination and information sharing have focused on policy measures taken in response to COVID-19. The FSB has established a repository of regulatory and supervisory policy measures taken in its member jurisdictions in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The FSB is also exploring potential ways to facilitate convergence in reporting of data to authorities.

  • “Too-big-to-fail” (TBTF) evaluation. The FSB has publicly consulted on its evaluation on the effects of TBTF reforms for systemically important banks. The evaluation finds no evidence that the implementation of reforms has reduced cross-border lending.

Looking beyond these specific areas, the policy response to COVID-19 has underlined policymakers’ awareness of harmful effects of market fragmentation. The official sector community has provided a rapid and coordinated response to support the real economy, maintain financial stability and minimise the risk of market fragmentation. 

Notes to editors

The FSB coordinates at the international level the work of national financial authorities and international standard-setting bodies and develops and promotes the implementation of effective regulatory, supervisory, and other financial sector policies in the interest of financial stability. It brings together national authorities responsible for financial stability in 24 countries and jurisdictions, international financial institutions, sector-specific international groupings of regulators and supervisors, and committees of central bank experts. The FSB also conducts outreach with approximately 70 other jurisdictions through its six Regional Consultative Groups.

The FSB is chaired by Randal K. Quarles, Vice Chairman, US Federal Reserve; its Vice Chair is Klaas Knot, President of De Nederlandsche Bank. The FSB Secretariat is located in Basel, Switzerland, and hosted by the Bank for International Settlements.

FSB Chair’s letter to G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors: October 2020

| PDF full text (158 KB)

The letter notes the extraordinary challenges for the global financial system this year. The FSB will provide a comprehensive report on the financial stability implications of, and policy responses to, the COVID Event to the November G20 Summit, including a holistic review of the market turmoil in March. The holistic review will inform future steps of the FSB in 2021 under the Italian G20 Presidency to improve the resiliency of the NBFI sector while preserving its benefits.

Meanwhile, the FSB has not lost sight of important ongoing work in financial innovation, payments systems, cyber resilience, and market fragmentation. The FSB is submitting to the G20 work addressing issues at the frontier of financial innovation and technology, including:

  • a toolkit of effective practices that the FSBencourages regulators and financial institutions to use to respond to and recover from the negative impacts of a cyber incident; 

  • an examination ofthe impact that BigTech firms have on emerging market and developing economies; 

  • an assessment ofhow SupTech and RegTech technologies may improve authorities’ supervisory capabilities and institutions’ regulatory compliance; and

  • high-level recommendations for regulatory, supervisory, and oversight responsesto so-called “stablecoin” instruments, by applying the lens of ‘same activity – same risk – same rules’.

This work aims to provide the regulatory community with additional tools to quickly assess and mitigate the risks posed by such changes without tempering the benefits. It also reflects the fundamental role international coordination plays in creating a resilient financial system that seeks to avoid harmful market fragmentation.

The letter also describes the FSB’s high-level roadmap for developing cross-border payment systems and processes that are faster, more inclusive, less expensive, and more transparent. While the actions that form the overall roadmap are ambitious they are achievable with the continued support from the G20.

In addition, the FSB continues is working on a variety of fronts to promote a resilient and integrated global financial system. The financial stability implications of climate-related risks remain a topic of great interest for the FSB’s membership and the international community. In addition, the FSB continues with other global standard-setting bodies in efforts to address market fragmentation.

FSB Chair updates G20 on action to harness benefits from financial technology and innovation

Press enquiries:
+41 61 280 8138
[email protected]
Ref no: 36/2020

The Financial Stability Board (FSB) today published a letter from its Chair, Randal K. Quarles, to G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors ahead of their virtual meeting today.

The letter notes the extraordinary challenges for the global financial system this year. The FSB will provide a comprehensive report on the financial stability implications of, and policy responses to, the COVID Event to the November G20 Summit, including a holistic review of the market turmoil in March. The holistic review will inform future steps of the FSB in 2021 under the Italian G20 Presidency to improve the resiliency of the NBFI sector while preserving its benefits.

Meanwhile, the FSB has not lost sight of important ongoing work in financial innovation, payments systems, cyber resilience, and market fragmentation. The FSB is submitting to the G20 work addressing issues at the frontier of financial innovation and technology, including:

  • a toolkit of effective practices that the FSB encourages regulators and financial institutions to use to respond to and recover from the negative impacts of a cyber incident;
  • an examination of the impact that BigTech firms have on emerging market and developing economies;
  • an assessment of how SupTech and RegTech technologies may improve authorities’ supervisory capabilities and institutions’ regulatory compliance; and
  • high-level recommendations for regulatory, supervisory, and oversight responses to so-called “stablecoin” instruments, by applying the lens of ‘same activity – same risk – same rules’.

This work aims to provide the regulatory community with additional tools to quickly assess and mitigate the risks posed by such changes without tempering the benefits. It also reflects the fundamental role international coordination plays in creating a resilient financial system that seeks to avoid harmful market fragmentation.

The letter also describes the FSB’s high-level roadmap for developing cross-border payment systems and processes that are faster, more inclusive, less expensive, and more transparent. While the actions that form the overall roadmap are ambitious they are achievable with the continued support from the G20.

In addition, the FSB continues is working on a variety of fronts to promote a resilient and integrated global financial system. The financial stability implications of climate-related risks remain a topic of great interest for the FSB’s membership and the international community. In addition, the FSB continues with other global standard-setting bodies in efforts to address market fragmentation.

The full list of reports delivered to today’s G20 meeting is as follows:

Notes to editors

The FSB coordinates at the international level the work of national financial authorities and international standard-setting bodies and develops and promotes the implementation of effective regulatory, supervisory, and other financial sector policies in the interest of financial stability. It brings together national authorities responsible for financial stability in 24 countries and jurisdictions, international financial institutions, sector-specific international groupings of regulators and supervisors, and committees of central bank experts. The FSB also conducts outreach with approximately 70 other jurisdictions through its six Regional Consultative Groups.

The FSB is chaired by Randal K. Quarles, Vice Chairman, US Federal Reserve; its Vice Chair is Klaas Knot, President of De Nederlandsche Bank. The FSB Secretariat is located in Basel, Switzerland, and hosted by the Bank for International Settlements.

Enhancing Cross-border Payments: Stage 3 roadmap

13 October 2020 | PDF full text (847 KB)

This report provides a roadmap to enhance cross-border payments. The G20 has made enhancing cross-border payments a priority during the Saudi Arabian Presidency. Faster, cheaper, more transparent and more inclusive cross-border payment services, including remittances, while maintaining their safety and security, would have widespread benefits for citizens and economies worldwide, supporting economic growth, international trade, global development and financial inclusion.

This report presents a roadmap to address the key challenges often faced by cross-border payments and the frictions in existing processes that contribute to these challenges. These challenges, namely high costs, low speed, limited access and insufficient transparency, affect end-users and service providers, though not all in the same way. Individuals and small companies face particular challenges with retail cross-border payments, and financial inclusion remains a challenge for many, especially in emerging market and developing economies. Low-value payments may incur high fees as a percentage of the amount sent and face cumbersome processes. The unbanked and individuals and firms from fragile states are amongst those who may not be able to access payment services at all.

This roadmap has been developed by the FSB, in coordination with the Committee on Payments and Market Infrastructures (CPMI) and other relevant international organisations and standard-setting bodies. It builds on the FSB’s Stage 1 report, setting out the challenges and the frictions in cross-border payments that contribute to them, and the CPMI’s Stage 2 report, describing the necessary elements of a response, in the form of a set of 19 building blocks.

The roadmap provides a high-level plan, which sets ambitious but achievable goals and milestones, and is designed to allow for flexibility and adaptation in the path to get there as the work progresses, while ensuring that the safeguards in terms of secure processing and legal compliance are observed. It encompasses a variety of approaches and time horizons, in order to achieve practical improvements in the shorter term while acknowledging that other initiatives will need to be implemented over longer time periods. It follows the structure of the Stage 2 report, setting out actions and indicative timelines in the following five focus areas:

  • Committing to a joint public and private sector vision to enhance cross-border payments
  • Coordinating on regulatory, supervisory and oversight frameworks
  • Improving existing payment infrastructures and arrangements to support the requirements of the cross-border payments market
  • Increasing data quality and straight-through processing by enhancing data and market practices
  • Exploring the potential role of new payment infrastructures and arrangements

The first four focus areas seek to enhance the existing payments ecosystem. The fifth is more exploratory and covers emerging payment infrastructures and arrangements. While each of the building blocks in the first four focus areas individually has the ability to bring notable benefits to cross-border payments, they have many interdependencies and the most significant enhancements are likely to be achieved if they are all implemented in a coordinated manner. The potential for new payment infrastructures and arrangements will also depend on the first four focus areas delivering change.

Strong commitment, coordination and accountability will be critical to success. The roadmap incorporates a framework where individual actions are taken forward by the most suitable expert bodies, in accordance with their mandates, with the FSB providing coordination and reporting annually on progress to the G20 and the public. This process will provide an opportunity to update and adapt the roadmap over time in order to keep it on track to meet its overall goals.

The involvement of the private sector, sharing their insights and practical expertise, as well as delivering change, will be key to support the practical implementation of the roadmap. The work under each building block will consider how to most effectively involve them. Public consultation on the individual building blocks will take place at the appropriate points, in order to ensure transparency and accountability.

Regulation, Supervision and Oversight of “Global Stablecoin” Arrangements

| PDF full text (606 KB)

Summary of document history

Summary of document history

This report sets out high-level recommendations for the regulation, supervision and oversight of “global stablecoin” (GSC) arrangements. GSC arrangements are expected to adhere to all applicable regulatory standards and to address risks to financial stability before commencing operation, and to adapt to new regulatory requirements as necessary.

So-called “stablecoins” are a specific category of crypto-assets which have the potential to enhance the efficiency of the provision of financial services, but may also generate risks to financial stability, particularly if they are adopted at a significant scale. Stablecoins are an attempt to address the high volatility of “traditional” crypto-assets by tying the stablecoin’s value to one or more other assets, such as sovereign currencies. They have the potential to bring efficiencies to payments, and to promote financial inclusion. However, a widely adopted stablecoin with a potential reach and use across multiple jurisdictions (a so-called “global stablecoin” or GSC) could become systemically important in and across one or many jurisdictions, including as a means of making payments.

The emergence of GSCs may challenge the comprehensiveness and effectiveness of existing regulatory and supervisory oversight. The FSB has agreed on 10 high-level recommendations that promote coordinated and effective regulation, supervision and oversight of GSC arrangements to address the financial stability risks posed by GSCs, both at the domestic and international level. They support responsible innovation and provide sufficient flexibility for jurisdictions to implement domestic approaches.

The recommendations call for regulation, supervision and oversight that is proportionate to the risks. Authorities agree on the need to apply supervisory and oversight capabilities and practices under the “same business, same risk, same rules” principle.

The performance of some functions of a GSC arrangement may have important impacts across borders. The recommendations also stress the value of flexible, efficient, inclusive, and multi-sectoral cross-border cooperation, coordination, and information sharing arrangements among authorities.

The FSB has agreed to the following further actions as a key building block of the roadmap to enhance cross-border payments commissioned by the G20:

  • Completion of international standard-setting work by December 2021. 
  • Establishment or, as necessary, adjustment of cooperation arrangements among authorities by December 2021 (and as needed based on market evolution).
  • At a national level, establishment or, as necessary, adjustment of regulatory, supervisory and oversight frameworks consistent with the FSB recommendations and international standards and guidance by July 2022 (and as needed based on market evolution).
  • Review of implementation and assessment of the need to refine or adapt international standards by July 2023.

FSB delivers a roadmap to enhance cross-border payments

Press enquiries:
+41 61 280 8138
[email protected]
Ref no: 37/2020

The Financial Stability Board (FSB) today published a roadmap to enhance cross-border payments. The roadmap has been delivered to G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors for their meeting on 14 October 2020.

The G20 has made enhancing cross-border payments a priority during the Saudi Arabian Presidency. Faster, cheaper, more transparent and more inclusive cross-border payment services, including remittances, while maintaining their safety and security, would have widespread benefits for citizens and economies worldwide, supporting economic growth, international trade, global development and financial inclusion.

This report presents a roadmap to address the key challenges often faced by cross-border payments and the frictions in existing processes that contribute to these challenges. These challenges, namely high costs, low speed, limited access and insufficient transparency, affect end-users and service providers, though not all in the same way. Individuals and small companies face particular challenges with retail cross-border payments, and financial inclusion remains a challenge for many, especially in emerging market and developing economies. Low-value payments may incur high fees as a percentage of the amount sent and face cumbersome processes. The unbanked and individuals and firms from fragile states are amongst those who may not be able to access payment services at all.

This roadmap has been developed by the FSB, in coordination with the Committee on Payments and Market Infrastructures (CPMI) and other relevant international organisations and standard-setting bodies. It builds on the FSB’s Stage 1 report, setting out the challenges and the frictions in cross-border payments that contribute to them, and the CPMI’s Stage 2 report, describing the necessary elements of a response, in the form of a set of 19 building blocks.

The roadmap provides a high-level plan, which sets ambitious but achievable goals and milestones, and is designed to allow for flexibility and adaptation in the path to get there as the work progresses, while ensuring that the safeguards in terms of secure processing and legal compliance are observed. It encompasses a variety of approaches and time horizons, in order to achieve practical improvements in the shorter term while acknowledging that other initiatives will need to be implemented over longer time periods. It follows the structure of the Stage 2 report, setting out actions and indicative timelines in the following five focus areas:

  • Committing to a joint public and private sector vision to enhance cross-border payments
  • Coordinating on regulatory, supervisory and oversight frameworks
  • Improving existing payment infrastructures and arrangements to support the requirements of the cross-border payments market
  • Increasing data quality and straight-through processing by enhancing data and market practices
  • Exploring the potential role of new payment infrastructures and arrangements

The first four focus areas seek to enhance the existing payments ecosystem. The fifth is more exploratory and covers emerging payment infrastructures and arrangements. While each of the building blocks in the first four focus areas individually has the ability to bring notable benefits to cross-border payments, they have many interdependencies and the most significant enhancements are likely to be achieved if they are all implemented in a coordinated manner. The potential for new payment infrastructures and arrangements will also depend on the first four focus areas delivering change.

Strong commitment, coordination and accountability will be critical to success. The roadmap incorporates a framework where individual actions are taken forward by the most suitable expert bodies, in accordance with their mandates, with the FSB providing coordination and reporting annually on progress to the G20 and the public. This process will provide an opportunity to update and adapt the roadmap over time in order to keep it on track to meet its overall goals.

The involvement of the private sector, sharing their insights and practical expertise, as well as delivering change, will be key to support the practical implementation of the roadmap. The work under each building block will consider how to most effectively involve them. Public consultation on the individual building blocks will take place at the appropriate points, in order to ensure transparency and accountability.

Alejandro Díaz de León, Governor of the Bank of Mexico and Co-Chair of the FSB Cross-border Payments Coordination Group (CPC) that coordinated the development of the roadmap, said: “This roadmap can make a real difference in addressing the existing challenges of cross-border payments, and change will be driven by collaboration and engagement between the public and private sectors”.

Jon Cunliffe, Deputy Governor of the Bank of England, Chair of the CPMI and the other Co-Chair of the CPC and said: “The roadmap will transform cross-border payments to make them faster, cheaper, more transparent and inclusive. National authorities and international organisations are committed to delivering this roadmap to enhance cross-border payments”.

Notes to editors

The FSB also published today a report that sets out 10 high-level recommendations to promote coordinated and effective regulation, supervision and oversight of global stablecoin arrangements.

The FSB coordinates at the international level the work of national financial authorities and international standard-setting bodies and develops and promotes the implementation of effective regulatory, supervisory, and other financial sector policies in the interest of financial stability. It brings together national authorities responsible for financial stability in 24 countries and jurisdictions, international financial institutions, sector-specific international groupings of regulators and supervisors, and committees of central bank experts. The FSB also conducts outreach with approximately 70 other jurisdictions through its six Regional Consultative Groups.

The FSB is chaired by Randal K. Quarles, Vice Chairman, US Federal Reserve; its Vice Chair is Klaas Knot, President of De Nederlandsche Bank. The FSB Secretariat is located in Basel, Switzerland, and hosted by the Bank for International Settlements.